In order to meet the needs of mass production and to improve the productivity of small cylindrical parts, an efficient robotic automatic grinding and polishing system is designed. In this system, the workpieces were automatically griped and rotated by the robot, which realized the radial circumference automatic machining; and the workpieces are turned upside down by the turntable to realize the axial automatic machining. The working efficiency was maximized under a certain robot load capacity by gripping and machining multiple parts at a time. The modular design concept was adopted, which realized flexible configuration of the production line and full automation of the whole process flow by setting up a number of different processing stations according to different process requirements. The adjustable smooth device was installed to realize the controllable of the process parameters and to guarantee the machining effect. Taking stainless steel insulating cup as an example, the system has been applied in practice. The practical result shows that the system proposed can realize high-efficiency mass production of small cylinder parts, which can meet the demands of actual production.