In this paper, the difference of thread structure and loosening mechanism between arc thread and general thread anchor bolts was analyzed. Based on the finite element method, the residual preload of arc thread anchor and general thread anchor was calculated under different preload and lateral displacement load conditions. The results show that when the threaded coupling pair is loosened by the lateral displacement cyclic load nut, the residual preload force of the arc thread anchor can be divided into a rapid decline and a stationary phase, and the preloading force is extremely slow in the stationary phase. The variation trend of the residual preload force of the general thread anchor bolts changes linearly, there is no obvious step, and the residual preload force of the arc bolts is always lower than that of the general thread anchors. Therefore, the comprehensive antiloosening effect of the arc thread anchor is better than that of the general thread anchor.