In order to improve the fault diagnosis ability for gearbox bearing inner and outer rings fault during transmission vibration, the orthogonal matching tracking (OMP) algorithm was used to establish the fault diagnosis model, and simulation analysis and experimental verification were carried out.The results show that the OMP algorithm is used to deal with the fault simulation noise signal of bearing outer ring, the signal appears periodic fluctuation, and the frequency and its multiplier frequency attenuate gradually, so the fault features are obvious.The pure signal of bearing inner ring fault simulation processed by OMP algorithm shows periodic fluctuation, and the fault of rolling bearing can be seen. The through frequency, multiplier frequency and the side band of the bearing inner ring attenuate gradually, and the fault features are obvious.In order to further verify the effectiveness of OMP algorithm in dealing with gear faults, a closed power flow gear box test bed was built. In the spectrum of OMP reconstructed fault signal, the peak of meshing frequency 360 Hz was low, the side band was completely covered, and there was no large amount of interference components.The spectrum of fault signal processed by OMP algorithm can reflect the fault characteristics well.