Aiming at the temperature rise of ball screw pair, the main sources of the temperature rise of ball screw were analyzed, and the thermodynamic theoretical model was established. Taking the ball screw pair used for feed in a machining center as the research object, the temperature rise of screw nut set and the reasons leading to the change were analyzed. The axial displacement of the ball screw caused by thermal expansion was about 1.8 μm, when the machining center was in strong cutting condition. The spiral internal cooling structure screw was designed, and the cooling effects of hollow and spiral internal cooling structure were compared through finite element analysis. The results show that the lead screw surface temperature is not the lower the better, but the more uniform the better; the radial temperature distribution of spiral internal cooling structure is more balanced than that of hollow internal cooling structure, and the overall cooling effect is more obvious.