In order to reduce the influence of hot deformation of the lead screw on the machining accuracy, two cooling schemes of crossflow type and spiral type were proposed on the basis of the existing hollow type internal cooling structure. Through analyzing the radial and axial temperature distribution of the lead screw, it was concluded that the cooling effect of spiral internal cooling structure was more obvious and the radial temperature distribution was more uniform. The contrast test before and after water flowing was carried out. The results show that it takes about 4 h less for crossflow and spiral internal cooling structure to reach temperature equilibrium state than hollow internal cooling structure before water flow; after water flowing, the spiral internal cooling structure takes about 1 h less to reach temperature equilibrium than the crossflow internal cooling structure, and the crossflow internal cooling structure takes about 3 h less than the hollow internal cooling structure; under the condition of guaranteed flow rate, the cooling effect of lead screw depends on the distribution of backwater flow channel, but not on the inlet flow channel; the spiral internal cooling structure is the first to reach the temperature equilibrium state compared with the other two internal cooling structures.