The weight ratio and inertia moment of machine tool spindle are large, and not suitable for high-speed processing. Carbon fiber spindle with light weight and high strength is conducive to reduce the inertia of the spindle. It can not only ensure fast response of the spindle in high-speed processing, but also control precision well. The T300 carbon fiber epoxy composite laminated shell on the carbon fiber spindle was taken as the research object. Firstly, the linear dynamic model was established by using the Lagrange equation, and the stiffness matrix and mass matrix were calculated by using Rayleigh-Ritz method, and the low order frequencies of the model were obtained. Then the finite element software ABAQUS was used to compare the numerical simulation results with the theoretical results, and the effects of different geometric parameters on the frequencies and mode shapes were studied. The results show that different geometric parameters have important influence on the frequencies and mode shapes of T300 carbon fiber epoxy composite shell, which has important guiding significance to realize lightweight of machine tool spindle.