In order to solve the problem of insufficient loading means in the fast reliability test for machining center, the function analysis and design of the fast reliability test system for machining center were carried out based on GB/T 23567 series standards, and then the axial loading device and the spindle loading device based on simulated working condition were constructed to realize the axial load control and the spindle torque loading control. A series of loading tests were carried out on the sample by using the system. Through comparison and analysis of the reliability indexes, the functionality of the reliability test system was verified. The research results provide support for improving the reliability test and detection ability of the CNC machine center.