In order to obtain and analyze the mechanical vibration signal of the rolling mill gearbox when working,and to further study and judge the health status of the gearbox,a device suitable for the mechanical vibration detection of the rolling mill gearbox was designed from the reality.The vibration signals generated during the operation of the rolling mill gearbox were collected,and the running state of the gearbox was analyzed by using the vibration signal analysis technology.The vibration characteristics and characteristic frequency calculation of typical high-speed wire mill gearbox failure were analyzed; the rolling mill gearbox vibration detection system was analyze dand designed,including the overall connection of the monitoring system,the distribution of vibration test points,the selection of sensors and so on; the function of the monitoring system was tested through experiments.The results show that the system can meet the requirements of detecting the running state of the gearbox.