For many occasions in engineering practice of machine vision, the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction based on line primitives not only improves the efficiency of detection systems and realizes online measurement, but also solves some problems of 3D reconstruction in specific environments. To meet such needs, the 3D reconstruction is analyzed and researched based on linear primitives. In accordance with the physical meaning of the stereo vision, the 3D reconstruction model of a line was derived, and further an experimental system was set up. The experiments show that the system built can realize the 3D reconstruction based on linear primitives with high precision, and can meet the precision requirements of engineering practice.