With the continuous expansion of various robot applications, the working hours and work scope of wireless control robots need to be further improved. In addition, the robot’s path planning efficiency also needs to be strengthened accordingly. Therefore, a robot path planning algorithm based on distributed power nodes and wireless sensor networks is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the whole architecture of the robot system is designed based on the distributed power node. Then, the corresponding wireless sensor network is built with the CC2420 hardware node, in order to achieve the robot’s remote communication. Finally, ant colony optimization (ACO) is used to improve the shortest path algorithm of Dijkstra. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has a lower path planning length than that of the traditional algorithm, which can effectively optimize the path planning and meet the requirements of the robot navigation.